Okay - your 4 yr old:
The lying - I've found that not trusting them in return works well.
You could say "you lied to me, so for the next X days, I won't be able to trust you"
How this works in reality - well, the fun thing you want to do - they can't because, you just don't trust them. For example, mine like to play in the stream - well, you can't do that because I don't trust you to act right. Or No, you can't play with your friend because I can't trust you to make good decisions.
The name calling - a simple "we don't speak ugly" is appropiate. "If you can't play with your friends without controlling your tounge, we will just have to go home." It is amazing how effective leaving a party can be

I know, it's no fun for you - but it sends a clear message.
One thing I do, when we are out someplace and it is safe to do this - I will send the offender to the car. This is appropriate only in some situations. Something else I've done is have another momma watch my other children and sat with the offender in the car. That way my other children are not punished by one's actions.
The choking - again, I would treat it a lot like the name calling. Also, keep in mind, at 4 - a child's friends will help eliminate antisocail behavior. They will stop playing with someone who is mean or hurting them. This is a pretty effective lesson. I often tell my kids - "if they can't play nice, don't play with them" when other kids are acting poorly. The other kid will often shape up after their peers shun them (my kids have been shunned by their peers to and it has helped them stop poor behavior).
The chair sharing. If you have 2 stools, I wouldn't let my older child decide both were his. My oldest child has a habit of suddenly showing interest in the object of his younger sibling's attention. Now, if it is truely his or a special object, I respect that. But a common object like furniture, I won't tolerate his selfishness.
I tell him he is being selfish and then I make him do a selfless act in reparation - cleaning your sibling's room is pretty effective.
For you spitting toddler - that's a toughie. The problem with toddlers is they don't really understand logical consequences, so they will often repeat behavior to see if something different may happen. I would just say "no spitting" and then put them in some sort of time out - like in bed. After much consistancy, it'll sink in.
HTH - Melinda